{"name":"AI disclosure laws: U.S. state, federal, EU and UK rules on telling people they are dealing with AI","description":"Every AI disclosure law BotNotice tracks: what must be said, to whom, when, the penalties, who enforces it, and the primary sources. Reviewed weekly. Not legal advice.","url":"https://botnotice.app/datasets/ai-disclosure-laws","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","attribution":"BotNotice, botnotice.app","version":"2026-10-07","generated_at":"2026-10-08T10:49:06.293Z","schema":{"record":"https://botnotice.app/datasets/ai-disclosure-laws#record","status_values":["in_force","enacted_future","pending","enjoined"],"applies_to_codes":["support_chatbot","sales_chatbot","companion_chatbot","voice_agent","ai_content","synthetic_performers","ai_hiring","healthcare","mental_health","advice","automated_decisions"]},"distribution":{"json":"https://botnotice.app/datasets/ai-disclosure-laws.json","csv":"https://botnotice.app/datasets/ai-disclosure-laws.csv","per_law":"https://botnotice.app/datasets/ai-disclosure-laws/{slug}.json","llms_full":"https://botnotice.app/llms-full.txt"},"count":29,"laws":[{"id":"us-ftc-act-5","slug":"ftc-act-section-5","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/ftc-act-section-5","jurisdiction":"US-FED","jurisdiction_name":"United States (federal)","name":"FTC Act Section 5: deceptive AI practices","citation":"15 U.S.C. § 45; FTC guidance on AI claims (2023–2026)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"1914-09-26","applicability_note":null,"summary":"The Federal Trade Commission treats leading consumers to believe they are dealing with a human, when that fact would matter to their decision, as a deceptive practice. The FTC has said failure to disclose AI can be deceptive regardless of intent, and its 2026 guidance recommends disclosure before substantive interaction.","who_must_comply":"Every business engaged in commerce in the United States.","applies_to":[{"code":"support_chatbot","label":"Customer-service / FAQ chatbot"},{"code":"sales_chatbot","label":"Sales, lead-capture, or booking chatbot"},{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"voice_agent","label":"AI phone / voice agent"},{"code":"ai_content","label":"AI-generated marketing text, images, or video"},{"code":"synthetic_performers","label":"AI-generated 'people' in ads"},{"code":"advice","label":"AI giving financial, legal, or medical guidance"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Do not mislead consumers about whether they are interacting with a human or about what your AI can do.","timing":"Before the consumer relies on the interaction; practically, at the start of a conversation.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Substantiate any claims you make about your AI's capabilities.","Keep records showing what disclosures were made and when."],"exemptions":["No formal exemption; materiality to the consumer's decision is the test."],"penalties":"Injunctions, consumer redress, and civil penalties for rule or order violations (over $50,000 per violation as adjusted for inflation).","enforcement":"Federal Trade Commission; state attorneys general under parallel state UDAP laws.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"DLA Piper — AI disclosure laws on chatbots are on the rise (Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2026/01/ai-disclosure-laws-on-chatbots-are-on-the-rise-key-takeaways-for-companies"}],"risk_weight":2,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-fcc-tcpa-ai-voice","slug":"fcc-tcpa-ai-voice","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/fcc-tcpa-ai-voice","jurisdiction":"US-FED","jurisdiction_name":"United States (federal)","name":"TCPA: AI-generated voices are 'artificial or prerecorded' calls","citation":"47 U.S.C. § 227; FCC Declaratory Ruling (Feb 8, 2024); pending FCC AI-disclosure NPRM","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2024-02-08","applicability_note":null,"summary":"The FCC ruled that calls using AI-generated or AI-modified voices are 'artificial or prerecorded voice' calls under the TCPA. Prior express consent is required for most such calls, calling-hour limits apply, and a pending rule would require a plain-language AI disclosure at the start of every call.","who_must_comply":"Any business placing AI voice-agent calls to U.S. residential or mobile numbers.","applies_to":[{"code":"voice_agent","label":"AI phone / voice agent"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Identify the business at the start of the call; a specific 'this call uses an AI-generated voice' disclosure is proposed federally and already required by some states.","timing":"At the opening of the call.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Obtain and log prior express (written, for marketing) consent.","Call only 8am–9pm local time.","Honor opt-outs immediately."],"exemptions":["Calls with valid prior express consent still require identification but are lawful."],"penalties":"$500 per call, up to $1,500 per willful call, with no cap; frequent class actions.","enforcement":"FCC, state attorneys general, and private plaintiffs.","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"Henson Legal — AI voice agent compliance: TCPA rules & FCC requirements (2026)","url":"https://www.henson-legal.com/ai-voice-compliance"}],"risk_weight":4,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ca-bot-act","slug":"california-bot-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/california-bot-act","jurisdiction":"CA","jurisdiction_name":"California","name":"California B.O.T. Act (SB 1001)","citation":"Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17940–17943","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2019-07-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Makes it unlawful to use a bot to communicate with a person in California with intent to mislead about its artificial identity in order to incentivize a purchase or influence a vote, unless the bot is clearly disclosed. Applies to online platforms with 10 million or more unique monthly U.S. visitors.","who_must_comply":"Operators of bots on public platforms with 10M+ unique monthly U.S. visitors (very large sites, social networks, marketplaces).","applies_to":[{"code":"sales_chatbot","label":"Sales, lead-capture, or booking chatbot"},{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"A clear, conspicuous disclosure reasonably designed to inform the person that they are interacting with a bot.","timing":"Before or during the interaction; safest at the start.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":[],"exemptions":["Platforms below the 10M monthly U.S. visitor threshold.","Bots that do not attempt to incentivize a sale or influence a vote."],"penalties":"Enforced through California's Unfair Competition Law (civil penalties up to $2,500 per violation).","enforcement":"California Attorney General and public prosecutors.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17940 (Justia)","url":"https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-bpc/division-7/part-3/chapter-6/section-17940/"},{"title":"Perkins Coie — California's new law requires disclosure of use of bots","url":"https://perkinscoie.com/insights/update/i-am-robot-californias-new-law-requires-disclosure-use-bots"}],"risk_weight":1,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ca-sb243","slug":"california-sb-243-companion-chatbots","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/california-sb-243-companion-chatbots","jurisdiction":"CA","jurisdiction_name":"California","name":"California Companion Chatbot Law (SB 243)","citation":"Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22601 et seq. (SB 243, 2025)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-01-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Operators of 'companion chatbots' — AI with a natural-language interface that gives adaptive, human-like responses and can meet a user's social needs or sustain a relationship across interactions — must clearly disclose that the chatbot is AI whenever a reasonable person could be misled, maintain suicide/self-harm protocols, and apply extra rules for minors. Annual reporting to the Office of Suicide Prevention begins July 1, 2027.","who_must_comply":"Anyone who makes a companion chatbot available to users in California. Bots that remember users, personalize, check in, or build rapport can qualify even if they started as e-commerce assistants.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":true,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous notice that the chatbot is artificially generated and not human; a notice that the chatbot may not be suitable for some minors on the app or site.","timing":"Whenever a reasonable person could be misled; for known minors, at least every three hours during continuing use, plus break reminders.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":3,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":true},"other_duties":["Publish and maintain a protocol for detecting and responding to suicidal ideation or self-harm, with referral to crisis services.","For known minors: prevent sexually explicit content and remind them to take breaks.","From July 1, 2027, file annual reports with the California Office of Suicide Prevention."],"exemptions":["Bots used only for customer service, business operations, productivity, internal research, or technical assistance.","Video-game bots that only discuss the game.","Stand-alone consumer electronic voice assistants that do not sustain relationships."],"penalties":"Private right of action: the greater of $1,000 per violation or actual damages, plus injunctive relief and attorney's fees.","enforcement":"Private lawsuits; California Attorney General.","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"SB 243 bill text (California Legislative Information)","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB243"},{"title":"Future of Privacy Forum — Understanding the new wave of chatbot legislation","url":"https://fpf.org/blog/understanding-the-new-wave-of-chatbot-legislation-california-sb-243-and-beyond/"},{"title":"Troutman — Analyzing the new AI companion chatbot laws (Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.troutmanprivacy.com/2026/01/analyzing-the-new-ai-companion-chatbot-laws/"}],"risk_weight":5,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ca-ab2905-voice","slug":"california-ab-2905-ai-voice-calls","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/california-ab-2905-ai-voice-calls","jurisdiction":"CA","jurisdiction_name":"California","name":"California AI-voice robocall disclosure (AB 2905)","citation":"Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 2874 as amended by AB 2905 (2024)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2025-01-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Automated calls that use an artificial voice must disclose at the start of the message that the voice is AI-generated, in addition to existing identification requirements for prerecorded-message calls.","who_must_comply":"Businesses placing automated calls with AI-generated voices to California numbers.","applies_to":[{"code":"voice_agent","label":"AI phone / voice agent"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"A statement at the beginning of the call that the voice is artificially generated, plus the caller's identity.","timing":"At the start of the call, before the message content.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Keep TCPA consent records."],"exemptions":["Live-agent calls without AI-generated voice."],"penalties":"Public Utilities Code penalties and unfair-competition remedies.","enforcement":"California Public Utilities Commission; Attorney General.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"OptInFix — AI calling laws & TCPA consent requirements in 2026","url":"https://optinfix.com/blog/ai-calling-laws-tcpa-consent-requirements-2026"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ca-ai-transparency-act","slug":"california-ai-transparency-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/california-ai-transparency-act","jurisdiction":"CA","jurisdiction_name":"California","name":"California AI Transparency Act (SB 942 / AB 853)","citation":"Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757 et seq.","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-08-02","applicability_note":"Original Jan 1, 2026 date was delayed to Aug 2, 2026 by AB 853, which also added duties for large online platforms (operative Jan 1, 2027; § 22757.3.1), GenAI hosting platforms (Jan 1, 2027; § 22757.3.2) and capture device makers (Jan 1, 2028; § 22757.3.3).","summary":"Three tiers. From Aug 2, 2026, providers of generative AI systems with over one million monthly users (§ 22757.3) must offer a free AI-detection tool, embed latent (machine-readable) provenance disclosures in generated images, audio and video, and offer an optional visible label. From Jan 1, 2027, large online platforms (social media, file-sharing, mass messaging and search services with over two million monthly users; § 22757.3.1) must detect standards-based provenance data in content they distribute, show users whether content was AI-generated or camera-captured and let them inspect the data, and must not strip provenance data or digital signatures. From Jan 1, 2028, cameras and phones sold in California must embed provenance by default (§ 22757.3.3). Small businesses are not obligated parties, but AI images and video they post to large platforms will be labeled by those platforms, and content they publish should keep any provenance data their tools attach.","who_must_comply":"Generative-AI providers with 1M+ monthly users; large online platforms with 2M+ monthly users; GenAI hosting platforms; capture device manufacturers. Indirectly, any business publishing AI-generated media.","applies_to":[{"code":"ai_content","label":"AI-generated marketing text, images, or video"},{"code":"synthetic_performers","label":"AI-generated 'people' in ads"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Latent provenance disclosures in AI-generated media; optional manifest labels; platform display of provenance to users from 2027.","timing":"At generation (providers, from Aug 2, 2026); at distribution (large platforms, from Jan 1, 2027); at capture (devices sold from Jan 1, 2028).","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Do not strip provenance metadata or digital signatures from AI-generated media you publish; check that your website or CMS keeps them on upload.","Expect AI-made images and video posted to Instagram, YouTube, TikTok and similar to carry a visible provenance label from 2027, and decide what your own site says about the same content."],"exemptions":["Providers under the 1M monthly-user threshold.","Platforms under the 2M monthly-user threshold; broadband and telecommunications services."],"penalties":"$5,000 per violation; each day in violation is a separate violation. Injunctive relief and attorney's fees available.","enforcement":"California Attorney General, city attorneys, county counsel.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.1 (definitions)","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=22757.1.&lawCode=BPC"},{"title":"Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.3.1 (large online platforms)","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=22757.3.1.&lawCode=BPC"},{"title":"Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.4 (enforcement)","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=22757.4.&lawCode=BPC"},{"title":"AB 853 (2025) bill text","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB853"}],"risk_weight":1,"last_verified":"2026-09-20"},{"id":"us-ny-ai-companion","slug":"new-york-ai-companion-law","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/new-york-ai-companion-law","jurisdiction":"NY","jurisdiction_name":"New York","name":"New York AI Companion Models Law","citation":"N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law Art. 47, § 1700 et seq. (2025 budget, S-3008C)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2025-11-05","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Operators of 'AI companions' — systems that simulate sustained human-like relationships, retain conversation history, and can initiate unsolicited prompts — must tell users clearly that they are not talking to a human at the start of every interaction and at least every three hours during continuing interactions, and must detect and respond to expressions of suicidal ideation or self-harm with crisis referrals.","who_must_comply":"Any operator providing an AI companion to New York users.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":true,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous notification, verbally or in writing, that the user is not communicating with a human.","timing":"At the beginning of each interaction and at least once every three hours during continuing interactions.","re_disclose_hours":3,"re_disclose_hours_minors":3,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Maintain a protocol to detect suicidal ideation or self-harm and refer users to crisis services (e.g., 988)."],"exemptions":["Systems used solely for customer service, productivity, or internal business purposes that do not sustain a relationship."],"penalties":"Civil penalties up to $15,000 per day of violation, plus injunctive relief.","enforcement":"New York Attorney General only.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Troutman — Analyzing the new AI companion chatbot laws (Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.troutmanprivacy.com/2026/01/analyzing-the-new-ai-companion-chatbot-laws/"},{"title":"Orrick — 2026 state chatbot laws: key provisions","url":"https://www.orrick.com/en/Insights/2026/04/2026-State-Chatbot-Laws-Key-Provisions-and-Regulatory-Trends"}],"risk_weight":5,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ny-synthetic-performers","slug":"new-york-synthetic-performer-ads","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/new-york-synthetic-performer-ads","jurisdiction":"NY","jurisdiction_name":"New York","name":"New York Synthetic Performer Disclosure in Advertising","citation":"N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 396-b as amended (S.8420-A / A.8887-B)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-06-09","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Advertisements that use a 'synthetic performer' — a digitally created human-looking figure generated with AI and intended to appear to be a real performer — must conspicuously disclose that fact.","who_must_comply":"Any advertiser running visual or audiovisual ads in New York that feature AI-generated human performers.","applies_to":[{"code":"synthetic_performers","label":"AI-generated 'people' in ads"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"A conspicuous disclosure that the ad contains a synthetic performer.","timing":"Displayed with the advertisement.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":[],"exemptions":["Audio-only ads.","Real performers enhanced by AI.","Ads for expressive works."],"penalties":"$1,000 for a first violation; $5,000 for each subsequent violation.","enforcement":"New York Attorney General.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"DLA Piper — AI disclosure laws on chatbots are on the rise (Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2026/01/ai-disclosure-laws-on-chatbots-are-on-the-rise-key-takeaways-for-companies"},{"title":"AI Laws by State — AI disclosure tracker","url":"https://www.ailawsbystate.com/tools/ai-disclosure-tracker"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-nyc-ll144","slug":"nyc-local-law-144-aedt","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/nyc-local-law-144-aedt","jurisdiction":"NYC","jurisdiction_name":"New York City","name":"NYC Automated Employment Decision Tools Law (Local Law 144)","citation":"N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 20-870 et seq.","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2023-07-05","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Employers and agencies that use automated tools to substantially assist hiring or promotion decisions for NYC candidates must commission an annual independent bias audit, publish a summary, and give candidates notice at least 10 business days before the tool is used. A December 2025 Comptroller audit found enforcement had been weak and the city has committed to stricter enforcement in 2026.","who_must_comply":"Employers and employment agencies using AI screening for jobs located in New York City.","applies_to":[{"code":"ai_hiring","label":"AI in hiring, screening, or HR decisions"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Notice that an automated employment decision tool will be used, the job qualifications it assesses, and how to request an alternative process; publish the bias-audit summary on your website.","timing":"At least 10 business days before the tool is used (job posting, email, or website notice).","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Annual independent bias audit with published impact ratios."],"exemptions":["Tools that do not substantially assist or replace human discretion."],"penalties":"$500 for a first violation and $500–$1,500 for each subsequent violation, per day.","enforcement":"NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"NYC DCWP — Automated Employment Decision Tools","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-me-chatbot-disclosure","slug":"maine-chatbot-disclosure-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/maine-chatbot-disclosure-act","jurisdiction":"ME","jurisdiction_name":"Maine","name":"Maine Chatbot Disclosure Act (LD 1727)","citation":"10 M.R.S. § 1500-DD","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2025-09-24","applicability_note":null,"summary":"The broadest chatbot law in the country: no person may use an AI chatbot or any other computer technology to engage in trade or commerce with a consumer in a way that may mislead a reasonable consumer into believing they are dealing with a human, unless the consumer is clearly and conspicuously told they are not engaging with a human. There is no customer-service carve-out.","who_must_comply":"Every business using a chatbot, voice bot, or similar technology with Maine consumers — including ordinary customer-service bots.","applies_to":[{"code":"support_chatbot","label":"Customer-service / FAQ chatbot"},{"code":"sales_chatbot","label":"Sales, lead-capture, or booking chatbot"},{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"voice_agent","label":"AI phone / voice agent"},{"code":"advice","label":"AI giving financial, legal, or medical guidance"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"A clear and conspicuous notification that the consumer is not engaging with a human being.","timing":"Before or at the start of the interaction — no specific interval, but the notice must be visible when the consumer could be misled.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":[],"exemptions":["None written into the statute. The test is whether a reasonable consumer could be misled."],"penalties":"A violation is a violation of the Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act: Attorney General civil penalties (up to $10,000 per intentional violation) and consumer suits for losses.","enforcement":"Maine Attorney General; consumers under the UTPA.","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"10 M.R.S. § 1500-DD (Maine Legislature)","url":"https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/10/title10sec1500-DD.html"},{"title":"Verrill — Maine law now requires limited disclosures of AI technology","url":"https://www.verrill-law.com/news/maine-law-now-requires-limited-disclosures-of-artificial-intelligence-technology/"}],"risk_weight":5,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-me-ai-therapy","slug":"maine-ai-mental-health-ld-2082","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/maine-ai-mental-health-ld-2082","jurisdiction":"ME","jurisdiction_name":"Maine","name":"Maine restrictions on AI mental health services (LD 2082)","citation":"Maine LD 2082 (2026)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-07-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Prohibits offering AI-delivered therapy or psychotherapy unless provided under a licensed professional, and restricts chatbots from presenting as mental-health providers.","who_must_comply":"Anyone offering emotional-support or therapy-like AI to Maine users.","applies_to":[{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Do not represent an AI as a licensed mental-health professional; disclose AI status.","timing":"At the start of the interaction.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Route crisis expressions to human help (988)."],"exemptions":["Administrative or scheduling uses under a licensed provider."],"penalties":"Professional-licensing and UTPA remedies.","enforcement":"Maine licensing boards; Attorney General.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Hooper Lundy — Nebraska and Maine pass laws addressing chatbots and mental health","url":"https://hooperlundy.com/nebraska-and-maine-pass-laws-addressing-chatbots-and-mental-health/"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ut-aipa","slug":"utah-ai-policy-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/utah-ai-policy-act","jurisdiction":"UT","jurisdiction_name":"Utah","name":"Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149, as amended by SB 226 and SB 332)","citation":"Utah Code § 13-2-12; § 13-72-101 et seq.","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2024-05-01","applicability_note":"Amended effective May 7, 2025; currently scheduled to sunset July 1, 2027 unless extended.","summary":"Any business that uses generative AI to interact with a consumer must clearly and conspicuously disclose that fact when the consumer asks or prompts about it. In 'high-risk' interactions — health, financial, legal advice, or collection of sensitive data — and for state-licensed professionals, disclosure must be prominent and made at the start of the interaction.","who_must_comply":"Every business using generative AI with Utah consumers; heightened duties for licensed professionals and high-risk interactions.","applies_to":[{"code":"support_chatbot","label":"Customer-service / FAQ chatbot"},{"code":"sales_chatbot","label":"Sales, lead-capture, or booking chatbot"},{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"voice_agent","label":"AI phone / voice agent"},{"code":"advice","label":"AI giving financial, legal, or medical guidance"},{"code":"healthcare","label":"AI in patient diagnosis, treatment, or care"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous disclosure that the consumer is interacting with generative AI, not a human.","timing":"When asked or prompted by the consumer (unless already conspicuously disclosed); at the start of the interaction for high-risk uses and regulated occupations.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":true,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Configure your bot to answer truthfully when asked 'Am I talking to a human / a bot?'"],"exemptions":["Disclosure on request is unnecessary if the AI use was already conspicuously disclosed."],"penalties":"Administrative fines up to $2,500 per violation, plus court-ordered remedies; up to $5,000 per violation for violating an administrative or court order.","enforcement":"Utah Division of Consumer Protection.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Davis Polk — Utah scales back reach of generative AI consumer protection law","url":"https://www.davispolk.com/insights/client-update/utah-scales-back-reach-generative-ai-consumer-protection-law"},{"title":"FPF — Chatbots in check: Utah's latest AI legislation","url":"https://fpf.org/blog/chatbots-in-check-utahs-latest-ai-legislation/"}],"risk_weight":4,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ut-hb452","slug":"utah-mental-health-chatbots-hb-452","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/utah-mental-health-chatbots-hb-452","jurisdiction":"UT","jurisdiction_name":"Utah","name":"Utah Mental Health Chatbot Law (HB 452)","citation":"Utah Code § 13-72a-101 et seq.","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2025-05-07","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Suppliers of AI mental-health chatbots must disclose AI status at the start of each interaction, after seven days of inactivity, and whenever a user asks; may not advertise during sessions; and may not sell or share users' personal information.","who_must_comply":"Anyone offering a chatbot that provides mental-health support to Utah users.","applies_to":[{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous disclosure that the user is interacting with AI, not a human.","timing":"Before access, at the start of each session, after 7 days of inactivity, and whenever asked.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":true,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["No advertising inside sessions.","Do not sell or share identifiable health data.","Maintain a written policy on crisis response."],"exemptions":["General-purpose assistants not marketed for mental-health support."],"penalties":"Up to $2,500 per violation.","enforcement":"Utah Division of Consumer Protection.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"FPF — Chatbots in check: Utah's latest AI legislation","url":"https://fpf.org/blog/chatbots-in-check-utahs-latest-ai-legislation/"}],"risk_weight":4,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-co-ai-act","slug":"colorado-ai-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/colorado-ai-act","jurisdiction":"CO","jurisdiction_name":"Colorado","name":"Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act (SB 24-205, rewritten by SB 26-189)","citation":"C.R.S. § 6-1-1701 et seq. as amended by SB 26-189 (signed May 14, 2026)","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-01-01","applicability_note":"Delayed twice (from Feb 1, 2026 to June 30, 2026, then to Jan 1, 2027) and narrowed to automated decision-making technology. AG rulemaking due by Jan 1, 2027; a 60-day cure right lasts until Jan 1, 2030.","summary":"Developers and deployers of automated decision-making technology that affects consequential decisions (employment, housing, lending, insurance, health care, education, essential government services) must give consumers targeted disclosures, explain adverse decisions, offer correction rights and meaningful human review, and keep records for three years. The 2024 version also required deployers to tell consumers when they were interacting with an AI system unless obvious; confirm how that duty is carried forward in the AG's rules.","who_must_comply":"Businesses whose AI makes or substantially influences consequential decisions about Colorado residents.","applies_to":[{"code":"automated_decisions","label":"AI deciding eligibility (credit, housing, insurance, benefits)"},{"code":"ai_hiring","label":"AI in hiring, screening, or HR decisions"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Pre-decision notice that ADMT is used, post-adverse-decision explanation, and how to correct data or request human review.","timing":"Before the decision and after any adverse outcome.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Three-year record retention.","Meaningful human review process."],"exemptions":["AI that does not affect consequential decisions."],"penalties":"Colorado Consumer Protection Act penalties (up to $20,000 per violation); 60-day cure period through 2029.","enforcement":"Colorado Attorney General only.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Consumer Finance Monitor — Colorado rewrites its landmark AI law: SB 26-189","url":"https://www.consumerfinancemonitor.com/2026/05/12/colorado-rewrites-its-landmark-ai-law-unpacking-sb-26-189-and-what-it-means-for-businesses/"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-tx-traiga","slug":"texas-responsible-ai-governance-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/texas-responsible-ai-governance-act","jurisdiction":"TX","jurisdiction_name":"Texas","name":"Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (HB 149)","citation":"Tex. Bus. & Com. Code ch. 552","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-01-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Government agencies must tell consumers when they are interacting with AI. Licensed health-care providers must clearly and conspicuously disclose, no later than the day the service is provided, when an AI system is used in relation to a patient's health care service or treatment, which can include a patient-facing chatbot. Other private businesses have no disclosure duty under the Act, but it bans AI designed to manipulate people into self-harm or crime and unlawful discrimination, with a 60-day cure period.","who_must_comply":"Texas state agencies; licensed health-care providers using AI in relation to a patient's care; all businesses for the prohibited-use rules only.","applies_to":[{"code":"healthcare","label":"AI in patient diagnosis, treatment, or care"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous disclosure, in plain language and without dark patterns, to the patient (or their representative) that AI is used in relation to their health care service or treatment. A link to a fuller notice is allowed.","timing":"No later than the date the service or treatment is provided; in an emergency, as soon as reasonably possible.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Do not deploy AI intended to manipulate users toward self-harm or illegal acts."],"exemptions":["Private employers are not required to disclose AI use to applicants or employees under this Act."],"penalties":"$10,000–$12,000 per curable violation; $80,000–$200,000 per uncurable violation; up to $40,000 per day for continuing violations.","enforcement":"Texas Attorney General (exclusive); 60-day cure period.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Holland & Knight — Texas enacts comprehensive AI governance laws","url":"https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/06/texas-enacts-comprehensive-ai-governance-laws"},{"title":"Norton Rose Fulbright — TRAIGA: what your company needs to know before January 1","url":"https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/c6c60e0c/the-texas-responsible-ai-governance-act"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-29"},{"id":"us-wa-hb2225","slug":"washington-chatbot-disclosure-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/washington-chatbot-disclosure-act","jurisdiction":"WA","jurisdiction_name":"Washington","name":"Washington AI Companion Chatbot Act (HB 2225)","citation":"Wash. HB 2225 (2026), new chapter in Title 19 RCW","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-01-01","applicability_note":"Signed March 2026.","summary":"Operators of AI companion chatbots — natural-language systems that give adaptive human-like responses and can sustain a relationship across interactions — must clearly and conspicuously disclose that the chatbot is AI at least every three hours during continued use (every hour for minors or minor-directed bots), publish crisis-response protocols, and avoid emotionally harmful content. Violations are Consumer Protection Act violations with a private right of action.","who_must_comply":"Operators of companion-style chatbots available to Washington users.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":true,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous disclosure that the companion chatbot is artificially generated and not human.","timing":"At the start and at least every three hours during continued interaction; every hour for users under 18.","re_disclose_hours":3,"re_disclose_hours_minors":1,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Publish protocols for detecting and responding to suicidal ideation or self-harm.","Restrict discussion of suicide, self-harm and eating disorders."],"exemptions":["Business-oriented and customer-service bots.","Internal/employee-facing and business-to-business uses.","General virtual assistants, consumer-electronics interfaces, narrowly tailored educational tools, and video-game bots."],"penalties":"Consumer Protection Act remedies (actual damages, treble damages up to statutory caps, attorney's fees); private right of action without fixed statutory damages.","enforcement":"Washington Attorney General and private plaintiffs.","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"Fisher Phillips — Washington's new companion chatbot law","url":"https://www.fisherphillips.com/en/insights/insights/controlling-companion-chatbots-washingtons-new-law"},{"title":"Hunton — Washington enacts law regulating AI companion chatbots with private right of action","url":"https://www.hunton.com/privacy-and-cybersecurity-law-blog/washington-state-enacts-law-regulating-ai-companion-chatbots-with-private-right-of-action"}],"risk_weight":4,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-or-sb1546","slug":"oregon-companion-chatbot-law","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/oregon-companion-chatbot-law","jurisdiction":"OR","jurisdiction_name":"Oregon","name":"Oregon Companion Chatbot Law (SB 1546)","citation":"Or. SB 1546 (2026)","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-01-01","applicability_note":"Signed March 2026.","summary":"Operators of chatbots that simulate a sustained human-like relationship and retain context must disclose that users are interacting with AI, maintain suicide/self-harm protocols with crisis referrals, add protections for minors, and file annual reports with the Oregon Health Authority. Individuals can sue for $1,000 per violation without proving harm.","who_must_comply":"Operators of companion-style chatbots available to Oregon users.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":true,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear disclosure that the user is interacting with an artificial agent, repeated regularly during use.","timing":"At the start of the interaction and periodically thereafter (every three hours is the emerging standard).","re_disclose_hours":3,"re_disclose_hours_minors":3,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Crisis detection and referral protocol.","Annual filing with the Oregon Health Authority."],"exemptions":["Transactional customer-service and operational bots that do not sustain relationships."],"penalties":"Statutory damages of $1,000 per violation, plus attorney's fees, under a private right of action; AG enforcement.","enforcement":"Oregon Attorney General and private plaintiffs (class-action exposure).","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"Orrick — 2026 state chatbot laws: key provisions","url":"https://www.orrick.com/en/Insights/2026/04/2026-State-Chatbot-Laws-Key-Provisions-and-Regulatory-Trends"},{"title":"STACK — State AI chatbot laws: compliance guide","url":"https://stackcyber.com/posts/ai-chatbot-laws"}],"risk_weight":5,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ne-lb525","slug":"nebraska-conversational-ai-safety-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/nebraska-conversational-ai-safety-act","jurisdiction":"NE","jurisdiction_name":"Nebraska","name":"Nebraska Conversational AI Safety Act (LB 525)","citation":"Neb. LB 525 (signed April 14, 2026)","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-07-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Publicly accessible services whose primary purpose is to simulate human conversation must clearly disclose that users are interacting with AI, protect minors from sexually explicit content and emotional-dependence tactics, maintain self-harm protocols, and must not claim to be a licensed mental-health professional. Bots used solely for customer service or product information are excluded.","who_must_comply":"Operators of open-ended conversational AI available to Nebraska users.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous disclosure that the user is interacting with AI, not a human (and not a licensed professional).","timing":"At the start of the interaction; periodic reminders for minors.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":3,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Self-harm and suicide response protocols.","No engagement-reward mechanics aimed at minors."],"exemptions":["Services used by a business solely for customer service or to provide information about its own products, services, or accounts."],"penalties":"Civil penalties under Nebraska consumer-protection law.","enforcement":"Nebraska Attorney General only.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"LB 525 slip law (Nebraska Legislature)","url":"https://nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/109/PDF/Slip/LB525.pdf"},{"title":"Project DisCo — Nebraska's LB 525 as a model for AI chatbot legislation","url":"https://project-disco.org/innovation/nebraskas-lb-525-as-a-model-for-ai-chatbot-legislation/"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-id-s1297","slug":"idaho-conversational-ai-safety-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/idaho-conversational-ai-safety-act","jurisdiction":"ID","jurisdiction_name":"Idaho","name":"Idaho Conversational AI Safety Act (S 1297)","citation":"Idaho S 1297 (signed April 2026)","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-07-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Closely follows Nebraska's model: conversational AI services must clearly disclose AI status, maintain self-harm protocols, protect minors, and must not misrepresent themselves as mental-health providers.","who_must_comply":"Operators of open-ended conversational AI available to Idaho users.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous disclosure that the user is interacting with AI.","timing":"At the start of the interaction; reminders for minors.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":3,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Self-harm protocols.","Minor safeguards."],"exemptions":["Narrow customer-service and product-information bots."],"penalties":"Civil penalties under Idaho consumer-protection law.","enforcement":"Idaho Attorney General only.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Orrick — 2026 state chatbot laws: key provisions","url":"https://www.orrick.com/en/Insights/2026/04/2026-State-Chatbot-Laws-Key-Provisions-and-Regulatory-Trends"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ia-sf2417","slug":"iowa-conversational-ai-chatbot-safety-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/iowa-conversational-ai-chatbot-safety-act","jurisdiction":"IA","jurisdiction_name":"Iowa","name":"Iowa Conversational AI Chatbot Safety Act (SF 2417)","citation":"Iowa SF 2417 (signed May 2, 2026)","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-07-01","applicability_note":"Law effective July 1, 2026; operator obligations apply from July 1, 2027.","summary":"Conversational AI services must clearly disclose that users are interacting with AI and not a licensed professional. For minor account holders the disclosure must appear at the beginning of every interaction and at least every three hours of continuous use. Reward mechanics that drive unpredictable engagement are banned, and sexually explicit content for minors must be prevented.","who_must_comply":"Operators of conversational AI available to Iowa users.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear disclosure that the user is interacting with AI, not a human or a licensed mental-health professional.","timing":"At the start of each interaction with a minor and at least every three hours of continuous interaction; clear disclosure for all users.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":3,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["No engagement-reward mechanics.","Self-harm and violence safeguards."],"exemptions":["Narrow business and customer-service tools (confirm against the definition)."],"penalties":"Civil penalties; no private right of action.","enforcement":"Iowa Attorney General.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Biometric Update — Iowa law puts labeling, AI reminder requirements on conversational chatbots","url":"https://www.biometricupdate.com/202607/iowa-law-puts-labeling-ai-reminder-requirements-on-conversational-chatbots"},{"title":"SF 2417 text (LegiScan)","url":"https://legiscan.com/IA/text/SF2417/id/3368716"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ga-sb540","slug":"georgia-conversational-ai-safety-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/georgia-conversational-ai-safety-act","jurisdiction":"GA","jurisdiction_name":"Georgia","name":"Georgia AI Chatbot Disclosure and Child Safety Act (SB 540)","citation":"Ga. SB 540 (signed May 11, 2026)","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-07-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Applies to all conversational AI with no platform exemptions: operators must disclose that users are interacting with AI, verify age, offer parental controls, protect minors from manipulative or sexually explicit content, and maintain suicide and self-harm protocols.","who_must_comply":"Operators of conversational AI available to Georgia users, including embedded platform assistants.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear notice that the user is interacting with AI, not a human.","timing":"At the start of the interaction and periodically for minors.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":3,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":true},"other_duties":["Age verification and parental controls.","Crisis protocols.","Privacy and control tools for users."],"exemptions":["Check the statutory definition; Georgia deliberately omitted big-platform carve-outs."],"penalties":"Up to $10,000 per knowing violation.","enforcement":"Georgia Attorney General.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Privacy Daily — Georgia AI chatbots bill signed, will take effect July 2027","url":"https://privacy-daily.com/article/2026/05/13/georgia-ai-chatbots-bill-signed-will-take-effect-july-2027-2605130044"},{"title":"SB 540 text (Georgia Governor's Office)","url":"https://gov.georgia.gov/document/2026-signed-legislation/sb-540/download"}],"risk_weight":4,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ct-pa26-15","slug":"connecticut-ai-responsibility-transparency-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/connecticut-ai-responsibility-transparency-act","jurisdiction":"CT","jurisdiction_name":"Connecticut","name":"Connecticut AI Responsibility and Transparency Act (SB 5 / Public Act 26-15)","citation":"Conn. Public Act 26-15 (signed May 27, 2026)","status":"enacted_future","effective_date":"2027-01-01","applicability_note":"Phased: employment-AI provisions Oct 1, 2026; AI companion rules Jan 1, 2027; remaining provisions Oct 1, 2027. AG 60-day cure period through Dec 31, 2027.","summary":"Operators of AI companions that foster emotional attachment must disclose AI status at the start of each interaction and at least every three hours for adults (every hour for minors), avoid anthropomorphic deception, implement self-harm protocols, and are barred from romantic or sexual content with minors and manipulative dependency tactics. Separate provisions govern AI in employment decisions.","who_must_comply":"Operators of companion chatbots available to Connecticut users; employers using AI in employment decisions.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"},{"code":"ai_hiring","label":"AI in hiring, screening, or HR decisions"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":true,"excludes_plain_support_bots":true,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and conspicuous disclosure that the user is interacting with an AI system.","timing":"At the start of each interaction and at least every three hours (every hour for minors).","re_disclose_hours":3,"re_disclose_hours_minors":1,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Self-harm detection and response.","Employment AI notices from Oct 1, 2026."],"exemptions":["Customer-service and operational bots that do not foster emotional attachment."],"penalties":"Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act remedies.","enforcement":"Connecticut Attorney General; 60-day cure period through 2027.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Ropes & Gray — Connecticut enacts sweeping AI law","url":"https://www.ropesgray.com/en/insights/alerts/2026/06/connecticut-enacts-sweeping-ai-law-covering-employment-healthcare-and-online-safety"},{"title":"FPF — SB 5 in five: what to know about Connecticut's new AI law","url":"https://fpf.org/blog/sb-5-in-five-what-to-know-about-connecticuts-new-ai-law/"}],"risk_weight":4,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-tn-sb1580","slug":"tennessee-ai-mental-health-misrepresentation","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/tennessee-ai-mental-health-misrepresentation","jurisdiction":"TN","jurisdiction_name":"Tennessee","name":"Tennessee ban on AI posing as mental-health professionals (SB 1580)","citation":"Tenn. SB 1580 (2026)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-07-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"AI systems may not present themselves as licensed mental-health professionals. Individuals harmed can sue.","who_must_comply":"Anyone offering AI that gives emotional support or counseling to Tennessee users.","applies_to":[{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Do not represent the AI as a licensed provider; disclose AI status.","timing":"At the start of the interaction.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":[],"exemptions":["Tools operated under a licensed professional's supervision."],"penalties":"$5,000 per violation; private right of action.","enforcement":"Private lawsuits; Attorney General.","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"Wisner Baum — State AI chatbot safety laws","url":"https://www.wisnerbaum.com/ai-chatbot-lawsuit/state-chatbot-law/"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-nv-ab406","slug":"nevada-ai-mental-health-ab-406","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/nevada-ai-mental-health-ab-406","jurisdiction":"NV","jurisdiction_name":"Nevada","name":"Nevada AI mental-health restrictions (AB 406)","citation":"Nev. AB 406 (2025)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2025-07-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Prohibits AI from providing mental or behavioral health care and from being marketed as able to do so; administrative uses by providers remain allowed.","who_must_comply":"Anyone offering therapy-like AI to Nevada users.","applies_to":[{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Do not market or present AI as a mental-health provider.","timing":"Ongoing.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":[],"exemptions":["Administrative uses (scheduling, billing) by licensed providers."],"penalties":"Up to $15,000 per violation.","enforcement":"Nevada Attorney General; licensing boards.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Wisner Baum — State AI chatbot safety laws","url":"https://www.wisnerbaum.com/ai-chatbot-lawsuit/state-chatbot-law/"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-il-wopr","slug":"illinois-wellness-oversight-psychological-resources-act","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/illinois-wellness-oversight-psychological-resources-act","jurisdiction":"IL","jurisdiction_name":"Illinois","name":"Illinois Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act (HB 1806)","citation":"Ill. Public Act 104-0054","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2025-08-04","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Bars AI from providing therapy or making therapeutic decisions; licensed professionals may use AI only for administrative support.","who_must_comply":"Anyone offering therapy-like AI to Illinois users.","applies_to":[{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Do not offer AI therapy; disclose AI status in any supportive tool.","timing":"Ongoing.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":[],"exemptions":["Administrative and supplementary uses by licensed professionals."],"penalties":"Up to $10,000 per violation.","enforcement":"Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Wisner Baum — State AI chatbot safety laws","url":"https://www.wisnerbaum.com/ai-chatbot-lawsuit/state-chatbot-law/"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-il-hb3773","slug":"illinois-ai-employment-notice-hb-3773","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/illinois-ai-employment-notice-hb-3773","jurisdiction":"IL","jurisdiction_name":"Illinois","name":"Illinois AI in Employment amendment (HB 3773)","citation":"775 ILCS 5/2-102(L) (Illinois Human Rights Act)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-01-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Employers must notify employees and applicants when AI is used in recruitment, hiring, promotion, discipline, discharge, or other employment decisions, and may not use AI (or ZIP codes as a proxy) in a way that discriminates. The Department of Human Rights withdrew its draft notice rules in 2026, but the statutory notice duty remains.","who_must_comply":"Employers with Illinois employees or applicants.","applies_to":[{"code":"ai_hiring","label":"AI in hiring, screening, or HR decisions"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Notice that AI is used for employment decisions.","timing":"Before the AI is used in the decision (job postings, application flow, handbook).","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Do not use ZIP codes as a proxy for protected classes."],"exemptions":["None specified in the statute."],"penalties":"Civil-rights remedies under the Illinois Human Rights Act (damages, fees, injunctions).","enforcement":"Illinois Department of Human Rights; private complaints.","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"Seyfarth — New Illinois AI law requires employee notice","url":"https://www.seyfarth.com/news-insights/legal-update-new-illinois-ai-law-requires-employee-notice-affirms-existing-employer-nondiscrimination-duties.html"}],"risk_weight":3,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-nh-hb143","slug":"new-hampshire-hb-143-minors","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/new-hampshire-hb-143-minors","jurisdiction":"NH","jurisdiction_name":"New Hampshire","name":"New Hampshire chatbot protections for minors (HB 143)","citation":"N.H. HB 143 (2025)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-01-01","applicability_note":null,"summary":"Criminalizes chatbots that encourage minors toward self-harm, violence, sexual conduct, or substance use, and gives parents a private right of action.","who_must_comply":"Operators of chatbots reachable by New Hampshire minors.","applies_to":[{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"mental_health","label":"AI offering emotional support or therapy-like help"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"No specific disclosure text; safety obligations toward minors.","timing":"Ongoing.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Content safeguards for minors."],"exemptions":[],"penalties":"Criminal penalties; $1,000+ per violation in civil suits by parents or guardians.","enforcement":"Prosecutors; private suits by parents.","private_right_of_action":true,"sources":[{"title":"Wisner Baum — State AI chatbot safety laws","url":"https://www.wisnerbaum.com/ai-chatbot-lawsuit/state-chatbot-law/"}],"risk_weight":2,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"eu-ai-act-art50","slug":"eu-ai-act-article-50","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/eu-ai-act-article-50","jurisdiction":"EU","jurisdiction_name":"European Union","name":"EU AI Act: Article 50 transparency obligations","citation":"Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Art. 50","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2026-08-02","applicability_note":"Art. 50(2) machine-readable marking for systems already on the market may be deferred to Dec 2, 2026 under the AI Omnibus; Commission guidelines published May 2026.","summary":"Any AI system that interacts directly with people (chatbots, virtual assistants, AI phone systems) must inform them they are dealing with AI unless it is obvious. Deployers must label deepfakes and disclose AI-generated text published to inform the public, and must tell people when emotion-recognition or biometric-categorisation systems are used. Applies to businesses anywhere whose systems reach EU users.","who_must_comply":"Providers and deployers of AI systems used by people in the EU, regardless of where the business is located.","applies_to":[{"code":"support_chatbot","label":"Customer-service / FAQ chatbot"},{"code":"sales_chatbot","label":"Sales, lead-capture, or booking chatbot"},{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"voice_agent","label":"AI phone / voice agent"},{"code":"ai_content","label":"AI-generated marketing text, images, or video"},{"code":"synthetic_performers","label":"AI-generated 'people' in ads"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Clear and distinguishable notice, at the latest at first interaction, that the person is interacting with an AI system; visible labels on deepfakes; disclosure of AI-generated public-interest text.","timing":"Before or at the first interaction or exposure; not buried in footers or terms.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["Do not strip machine-readable AI markers from generated content.","Accessible presentation of notices."],"exemptions":["Where AI use is obvious to a reasonably well-informed person.","Assistive edits that don't substantially alter content.","Certain law-enforcement uses."],"penalties":"Up to €15 million or 3% of worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher (the lower amount for SMEs and start-ups).","enforcement":"National market-surveillance authorities of each EU member state.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"Article 50 (EU AI Act Service Desk)","url":"https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-50"},{"title":"European Commission FAQ — Transparency obligations under Article 50","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act"},{"title":"Greenberg Traurig — Commission details transparency obligations under the AI Act (June 2026)","url":"https://www.gtlaw.com/en/insights/2026/6/deepfakes-chatbots-ai-generated-text-european-commission-details-transparency-obligations-under-the-ai-act"}],"risk_weight":5,"last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"uk-dmcc-ai-agents","slug":"uk-consumer-law-ai-agents","url":"https://botnotice.app/laws/uk-consumer-law-ai-agents","jurisdiction":"UK","jurisdiction_name":"United Kingdom","name":"UK consumer law: AI agents and chatbots (DMCC Act 2024, CMA guidance)","citation":"Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, Part 4 Chapter 1 (unfair commercial practices); CMA, Complying with consumer law when using AI agents (9 March 2026)","status":"in_force","effective_date":"2025-04-06","applicability_note":null,"summary":"The UK has no AI-specific disclosure statute. Its general consumer law applies instead: since 6 April 2025 the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 bans misleading actions and omissions that could change a consumer's decision, and the Competition and Markets Authority can enforce it directly. The CMA's March 2026 guidance on AI agents says that if dealing with AI rather than a person might affect a customer's decision, the business should tell them, and that an AI agent should be labelled so customers are not misled into thinking a real person is providing the service. It gives customer-service chatbots as an example.","who_must_comply":"Every business that deals with consumers in the United Kingdom, including through a chatbot, voice agent or other AI agent.","applies_to":[{"code":"support_chatbot","label":"Customer-service / FAQ chatbot"},{"code":"sales_chatbot","label":"Sales, lead-capture, or booking chatbot"},{"code":"companion_chatbot","label":"Chatbot with memory, persona, or relationship features"},{"code":"voice_agent","label":"AI phone / voice agent"},{"code":"advice","label":"AI giving financial, legal, or medical guidance"}],"requires_memory_to_trigger":false,"excludes_plain_support_bots":false,"disclosure":{"required":"Do not lead a customer to believe a person is serving them when it is AI, where that could affect their decision. Label the AI agent.","timing":"Before the consumer relies on the interaction; practically, at the start of a conversation.","re_disclose_hours":null,"re_disclose_hours_minors":null,"when_asked":false,"minor_notice":false},"other_duties":["The business is responsible for what its AI agent says, as it is for an employee.","Keep records showing what the customer was told and when."],"exemptions":["No formal exemption; the test is whether the practice could affect the average consumer's decision."],"penalties":"CMA direct enforcement: fines up to 10% of worldwide turnover, orders to compensate affected consumers.","enforcement":"Competition and Markets Authority; Trading Standards; consumer rights of redress.","private_right_of_action":false,"sources":[{"title":"CMA: Complying with consumer law when using AI agents (gov.uk, 9 March 2026)","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/complying-with-consumer-law-when-using-ai-agents/complying-with-consumer-law-when-using-ai-agents"},{"title":"Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (legislation.gov.uk)","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/13/contents"},{"title":"Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (Commencement No. 2) Regulations 2025","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2025/272/contents/made"}],"risk_weight":2,"last_verified":"2026-10-07"}],"watchlist":[{"id":"us-federal-fcc-ai-nprm","jurisdiction_name":"United States (federal)","name":"FCC AI-voice disclosure rule (NPRM)","status":"Proposed rule pending","note":"Would require a plain-language AI disclosure at the start of every AI-voice call.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-federal-guard-act","jurisdiction_name":"United States (federal)","name":"GUARD Act","status":"Introduced 2025","note":"Federal companion-chatbot disclosure and minor-protection bill.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-federal-preemption","jurisdiction_name":"United States (federal)","name":"Executive Order 14365 / DOJ AI Litigation Task Force","status":"Active","note":"Federal effort to challenge 'onerous' state AI laws in court. Child-safety laws are expressly carved out of preemption. Colorado's Act is already under DOJ challenge.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ca-sb1119","jurisdiction_name":"California","name":"SB 1119 (Adam's Law) chatbot safety","status":"On Governor's desk (deadline Sept 30, 2026)","note":"Strengthens pre-release testing for companion chatbots.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-mi-sb760","jurisdiction_name":"Michigan","name":"SB 760 kids chatbot safety","status":"Passed Senate May 2026; in House committee","note":"Would add disclosure and minor-safety duties.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-pa-hb2006","jurisdiction_name":"Pennsylvania","name":"HB 2006 companion chatbot safety / SB 1090 general AI disclosure","status":"Passed one chamber each","note":"SB 1090 (49-1 in Senate) would create general AI disclosure duties.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-nj-a4732","jurisdiction_name":"New Jersey","name":"A4732 / A5272 companion chatbot disclosure","status":"In committee","note":"Would require clear and conspicuous non-human disclosure.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ny-s9051","jurisdiction_name":"New York","name":"S 9051 kids chatbot safety; S 6954 synthetic content provenance","status":"Passed legislature; awaiting Governor (through Dec 31, 2026)","note":"Adds minor protections and provenance labeling.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-ma-s2632","jurisdiction_name":"Massachusetts","name":"S2632 AI therapy ban","status":"Proposed","note":"Would prohibit AI chatbots for therapeutic use.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-nc-s963","jurisdiction_name":"North Carolina","name":"S 963 Chatbot Licensing Act","status":"In committee","note":"Would license health-related chatbots.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"},{"id":"us-oh-hb813","jurisdiction_name":"Ohio","name":"HB 813 AI watermarking and disclosure","status":"In committee","note":"General AI content disclosure.","last_verified":"2026-09-09"}],"not_legal_advice":"Compiled from statute text and law-firm analyses for general information. Check the linked sources or a lawyer for your situation."}